Lung cancer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Lung cancer - Research Paper Example In the United States, about 203,536 people are found to suffer from the disease regardless of sex with death of over 157, 000 victims in 2010 (www.cdc.gov/cancer/lung). Other countries have showed the same trend. In Europe, many countries showed high rate of deaths with Hungary in the top list having deaths that reached over a hundred victims a day. In Canada, lung cancer accounts for 30% death with cases of women on the rise. Far East Asia is not spared from the disease. Philippines alone have 43 daily cases of deaths. Taiwan and Japan share the same sentiment regarding the disease. China also has continual increase in numbers who die from the disease (Pastorino, 102). This scenario provides a picture that lung cancer is prevalent worldwide regardless of sex. Limiting the incidences of the lung cancer involves understanding the pathophysiology, causes, signs and symptoms, and diagnosis to be able to treat the disease at an earlier stage and to prevent high prevalence of its occurren ces. Pathophysiology The normal lung cell consist of two layers namely the columnar cells and basal cells. The columnar that contains mucus and covered with cilia makes up the surface layer. Basal cell which is the second layer contains the nuclei and basement membrane which in turn composes the glands, blood, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. The initial response to a carcinogenic agent occurs in the tracheobronchial epithelium within the basal cells. Number of cells increase as it is triggered with the inhalation of any carcinogenic agents and referred to as carcinomas. This happens because oncogenes which make the body susceptible to cancer are activated. When a carcinogen enters the body, it binds with the DNA of the lung cells causing changes and differentiation of the cell. The structures of the cells are damaged which may cause abnormal growth. As the cell division continues to occur, the damaged DNA is also passed to the daughter cells and undergoes further mutations. Cel l growth becomes unstable and genetic changes accumulate. The pulmoepithelium in turn undergoes malignant transformation from normal epithelium to invasive carcinoma (Day, et al, p 558). Among the lung cancer type, adenocarcinoma is the most prevalent. However, when cancer cells metastasize, the tracheal and broncheal lymph nodes are the earliest to show signs of the spread to distant lymph nodes, organs, kidneys and brain. On the other hand, broncheoalveolar type is usually slow in nature than other types. Pleural effusion results as an effect of direct involvement of the pleura, obstruction of mediastinal lymphatics, throracic duct, pulmonary lymphatics, and atelectasis with pneumonitis and pulmonary embolus. Causes Lung cancer is believed to have many causes. It could be provoked with many carcinogens like tobacco smoke, radiations and viral infections. Although the disease is known to be a familial tendency, the risk depends with the exposure to carcinogenic risk factors. Almost all types of lung cancer are caused by tobacco smoke. About 90% of patients seeking medical help are found to be directly exposed to it. The most affected cells are the small squamous types. Tobacco contains multiple components however, not all of these may cause lung cancer. It is known that there are only a few that may really trigger the cells to undergo changes. Mazzone (p1) in his study identified N-nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to be the two most carcinogens that are

Epidemiology Assigment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Epidemiology Assigment - Essay Example In the present scenario, stress is the inevitable part of life. It could be physiological or psychological. Cortisol is an important hormone, it is not only released during the condition of stress but also in fight or flight responses. This hormone brings various stress-related changes as well. It is evident that body’s relaxation response must be activated to combat stress. The condition of the stress cannot be prolonged as it could be devastating and induce chronic stress worsening cognitive performance, suppressed thyroid function, hyperglycemia, reduction in bone density and muscle tissues, increased blood pressure and lowered immunity, increased abdominal fat and hence invites all linked (Scott, 2008). Psychological stress brings release of cortisol, a stress hormone that maintains physiological and psychological equilibrium. If cortisol is released in embellished magnitude, it brings harmful effects not only on somatic health but also impairs cognitive functioning. It is apparent that stress-induced variations of hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis functioning are implicated in the commencement and upholding of both somatic and psychiatric conditions, these and also comparable arbitrations could be used for anticipation and rehabilitation of these deleterious stress effects. The view is the focus of the article, it is the study carried out to examine the long-term effects of cognitive-behavioral stress management (CBSM) training on cortisol stress management in healthy men and women. The article emphasizes the impact of CBSM training to attenuate cortisol stress responses in both men and women. The article has the advantage of selecting the participants for both control and treated groups of negligible demographic variables (including age, gender, habitual smoking, use of oral contraceptives and body mass). The article presents a sight that there is a slight variation between the sexes in response to the CBSM training. Any

The Power of Public Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Power of Public Relations - Essay Example The roles of corporations have emerged to be criminal and obscene in nature that it becomes difficult to even consider proposing a change in their business conduct and culture.A clear, well-planned policy and public relations approach will rally the audience or the public to support the leader amidst the counter-campaign of opponents, not only political but also corporate in nature. This has become necessary in the US political landscape and mass communication due to the open encroachment of corporate actors in policy-making and informing the public. After all, the majority of the so-called mainstream media are corporate in nature and they tend to support their advertisers despite obvious negative actions they are committing against the majority of the public. In addition, the delineation between freedom and expression and controlled information has been blurred to a point where truth may be difficult to identify (Hall, 2007). To conclude, public relations for a political leader or c lient may prove difficult if one is on the side for the public good. A need to bargain with major actors becomes necessary to strike a balance and make the opposite side understand the importance of sustainability even in corporate dealings. Where a balance may be bargained, the problem will be on safeguarding an equitable implementation of policy. All these encompass the work of the public relations practitioner and should be considered carefully in their PR packages especially for politicians.

Analyze book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyze book - Essay Example The protagonist of the novel, Ishmael Chambers is the veteran of the Second World War. He is physically handicapped because of the war wound, which has left him with an amputated arm.   His personal relationship with a local Japanese- American also ended abruptly. His pride is hurt and a prejudice is born out of it. Hatsue Imada is presently Kabuo’s wife  who once shared a romantic relationship with Ishmael Chambers but broke off  for reasons not known. Carl Heine was the local fisherman. These characters are central to the plot of the novel, explore the themes of prides of the whites, and prejudice against the people of the Japanese descent.   The whites resented the immigration of the Japanese but tolerated them for their hard work and economic profit. This is what we call the political economy where the superior race tolerates the inferior race for profit, (Leiman, 1-21). This kind of immigration makes room for the development of mixed culture and gives birth to the concept of ‘Hybridity’. Hybridity is the amalgamation of different races together and producing a new lineage (Murfin and ray, 279). Many filmmakers like Spencer Tracy in his movie â€Å"Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner† has further evolved this concept of interracial relationship. These kinds of relationships proceed towards global harmony but initially it has suffered many hindrances. (Richardson,1) Racial Discrimination and the dilemma of mixed culture are predominant in the novel and portrayed through interracial relationships. The story of the novel is set in the small and isolated island of San Piedro which symbolizes the apparent silence and the suppressed prejudice when two races of polar opposites are to dwell in the same place. Kabuo, a wartime veteran suffers from a guilty conscience. He is Japanese but he fought for the Americans during the Second World War. He laments killing his own fellow brothers and this sense of guilt demoralizes him. After the war, we find him confining

Structure of the Hospitality Industry Assignment

Structure of the Hospitality Industry - Assignment Example Therefore, the responsibilities relating to the functional areas such as marketing, customer relationship management, HRD and finance in an undertaking need to be reoriented in tune with the global changes in the industry. The organizational structure of different organizations in the hospitality industry is based on the facilities available. However, the structure also varies with the star categorization of the luxury hotels, type of ownership like a partnership or limited company, the number of hotels in the group and affiliation with the international hotel chains. World Hotel Rating (WHR) project labels hotels by features such as family or child-friendly. Some hotels are operated on franchisee basis. The internal control systems in the case of firms with one or two hotels under the same management will be very simple. However, in the case of hotel chains or hotel groups with international operations, the systems would be very elaborate with risk management controls in place. Many small-sized organizations prefer Real Estate Investment Trusts (REIT) status with a view to avail tax benefits. As against flat structure noticed in small organizations, the chain of command, the delegation of responsibilities and authorities, hierarchical levels and managerial decision-making process in the case of hotel chains or groups consisting of several business activities considerably vary depending upon the size and diversity. The management structure is also influenced by the environmental factors relating to the businesses, categories of services offered and technology used. The industry covers a wide range of services such as tourism, theme parks, event management and tourism related services apart from lodging and catering. The organizational structure of a  company which provides various services has several divisions such as Hotel, Tourism, Theme Parks and Travel.   There are various departments within each division, for example, in the case of Hotel Division the departments include Housekeeping, Health &Sports, Restaurant, Room Service, Event Management and Front Office.   The departments such as Accounting, Advertisement & Media, Marketing, and HRD are common to all the divisions.  Ã‚  

Steps of Learning to Read Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Steps of Learning to Read - Research Paper Example Recognition is by production and the ability to write alphabetic letters not necessarily in order. The primary aim is to enable the child encode sounds he/she hears. For example, writing ‘c – a – t’ to represent the sounds heard in the word â€Å"cat† (Santa, 1999).The challenge involve making the student to know how to spell out upper and lower case letters differently. Firstly, individuals are trained how to spell and sound the letters. For instance, the learners are taught on how to spell letter b.Then, the students are taught how to air the initial sounds in short words that are succeeded by the endings. The last sounds to be learned are the medial sounds heard. Learners are shown on identification and matching of the sounds heard, and then encode a letter for the sounds heard (Spufford, 1979). A learner should be able to appreciate familiar letter patterns. This may be a good strategy to learn a new word that is similar to already heard words. A better example is ball and call. Building words takes the skill further. Any young person will always learn to handle those words that keep changing and place them in a coded form. That with a new letter. A good example is the word ‘hat’. Convert a single letter to make it ‘sat’ (Darnton, 1986). The significance of Sight word vocabulary is to enable a child learn to read words that are hard to decode phonetically. A child will conceptualize and read short sentences with sight vocabulary. As time goes by the learner may be in a position to recognize the group of letters as the word (Spufford, 1979). Punctuation and capitalization are socially acceptable and are passed to learners as signals in the reading or writing process. Readers for the first time should learn to stop at a given juncture to avoid terminating a sentence before it ends. Appreciation of basic punctuation is adhered to following apostrophes to represent

Biometrics and Wireless Technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Biometrics and Wireless Technologies - Essay Example Dominant security-enhancement technologies leave a lot to be desired. In addition to security risks, has been estimated that between half to a third of calls to IT help desks are password related, and that managing multiple passwords and password resetting costs can range between $200 (Forrester Research estimate) to $340 (Gartner estimate) per employee per year (www.Forrester.com (2005); www.Gartner.com (2005)). Biometrics can offer significant security enhancements as well as other value-added applications. Potential applications of biometric technologies range from controlling physical access to facilities (used by Disneyworld to provide access to season pass holders), enabling voice recognition at call-centers (used by the Home Shopping Network and Charles Schwab to enable hassle-free client authentication), controlling time and attendance of employees (used by McDonalds), providing self-service access to safe deposit vaults at banks (used by the Bank of Hawaii and First Tennessee Bank), or cashing checks in supermarkets (used by Kroger, Food 4 Less and BI-LO). Security concerns and higher levels of fraud, such as the rising incidence of identity theft, combined with advancements in biometric technologies and reducing costs of the technologies involved, have provided an impetus for greater diffusion and highlighted biometrics' immense potential. In 2003, while industry revenues were US$719 million, the estimate for 2004 is US$1.2 billion. This is expected to rise to US$4.6 billion in 2008. Currently the lion's share of biometric technologies is accounted for by fingerprint biometrics at 48 percent, followed by face recognition at 12 percent and hand geometry at 11 percent. Iris recognition, by far the most secure method, has just 9 percent market share, since it costs a lot more to implement and there is a lower level of customer acceptance (International Biometrics Group, 2005). However, the overwhelming majority of current biometrics applications are focused on simply improving security rather than being led by a clear mandate of providing quantum leaps to customer service while simultaneously raising efficiency as well as security. We believe that the winners of tomorrow will be firms that manage to harness the power of biometrics to achieve this essential combination (Wirtz and Heracleous, 2005). Following several industry interview results and other industry participant interactions, the researchers arrived at the conclusion that many, but not all, biometric industry vendors appear to be depending on sales based on "supply push" rather than "demand pull" marketing strategies. That is to say, the biometrics vendors appeared to be captivated with the technology underlying the biometric devices more so than concentrating on current biometric devices as part of a solution to a business problem for prospective customers. However, on the contrary, it was appar ent from our conversations with customers and potential customers that they were inclined to be less interested in devices, and more focused on buying solutions to problems. For instance, three prospective customers pointed out that they were "waiting it out" in order to see which technology or vendor would come